Voltage signal outputs are higher when less oxygen is present in the exhaust (rich condition). Voltage signal outputs from the O2 sensor are lower when more oxygen is present in the exhaust (lean condition). The PCM can tell whether the engine is running lean (too little fuel) or rich (too much fuel) by scrutinizing these variations in voltage. The PCM recognizes these variations in voltage as changes in exhaust oxygen concentration. Variations in voltage occur as the surging oxygen ions shift between platinum layers. These variations cause the oxygen ions inside the O2 sensor to bounce from one platinum layer to the other, very swiftly and repetitively. Variations between the number of oxygen ions in the exhaust and the number of oxygen molecules in ambient air (drawn into the O2 sensor) cause the voltage to change. Ambient air is heated in the chamber, forcing the oxygen ions to produce (energy) voltage. Ambient air is drawn through the wire lead cavities and into a tiny chamber in the middle of the sensor. As they flow over the downstream O2 sensor, exhaust gases enter vent holes in the steel housing and proceed across the sensing element. This design (when used in conjunction with upstream O2 sensors) is aimed at monitoring the efficiency of the catalytic converter/s.Įngine exhaust gases exit the combustion chamber via the exhaust manifold and continue through the catalytic converter. Post catalytic converter O2 sensors (for each engine bank) provide the PCM with real-time data regarding the amount of oxygen particles in the engine exhaust as compared to the oxygen content of outside air. The controller area network (CAN) connects the O2 sensor wiring harness to the PCM. Platinum electrodes attach the sensing element to wire leads in the O2 sensor harness connector.
The O2 sensor is constructed using a zirconium dioxide sensing element enclosed within a vented steel housing. Bank 1 is the engine bank that contains the number one cylinder. When diagnosing a trouble code P0296, I immediately know it means that the powertrain control module (PCM) has detected a signal voltage input from the downstream (post catalyst) oxygen (O2) sensor that indicates the oxygen particle content is too high.
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